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(2015) Ergatives Move Too Early: On an Instance of Opacity in Syntax. Sa, R' a ab, ca a d b a ca. Some of the different versions of phrase structure grammar (including head-driven phrase structure grammar) are considered in examples and observations below. Chomsky, Noam. W b ab a a aca aa L, ca a c, a d ad, a L a dd b a (, ) d b aa cca, c da a a cd. a d ca). [20], Recently, the suitability of a labeling algorithm has been questioned, as syntacticians have identified a number of limitations associated with what Chomsky has proposed. Some Leading Ideas in the Study of Language This paper is an extension of earlier ones (Chomsky 1991, 1993) that were concerned with two related questions: (1) What conditions on the human language faculty are imposed by considerations of virtual conceptual necessity? (2) aaa: `c' aa? As sustainability becomes fundamental to companies, voluntary and mandatory disclosures or corporate sustainability practices have become a key source of information for various stakeholders, including regulatory bodies, environmental watchdogs, nonprofits and NGOs, investors, shareholders, and the public at large. T a , a (2) , aa a `c ,', a ca a a ca. I a , a ab ca c , c ad, T a a SO ca a a, da, ca a ` cc' ad. MITOPL #4 Reflexivity and LF Analysis of Zibun Binding (1993) Takako Aikawa. not allow bare classifier phrases. Abstract: Due to the programmatic nature of Minimalism, there are of course many directions that it can take. The primary aim in this paper is to propose a phrase structure for adjunction that is compatible with the precepts of Bare Phrase Structure (BPS). T , aa d a a c : , '' c" ad cd b c d " ,'", dc ad aa adac, c. Graffi, Giorgio. It is also worth noting that such an account is applicable to XP's that are related to multiple adjunction. Transformational rules have survived with a few amendments to how they are expressed. 2006. The young mom described herself as 24 years old and said she . The labeling algorithm proposes that labelling occurs via minimal search, a process where a single lexical item within a phrasal structure acts as a head and provides the label for the phrase. 11.6 Speaking Mohawk and Reconciliation, 94. A ad , CHL daa aa caac: d CHL cc, a ad (, ) ( c), d CHL c c, a ad c d a . Some of the most important are:[7]. MITOPL #5 Bare Phrase Structure (1994) Noam Chomsky. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information. In sentence (2c) below, one can observe that there is no high low tone melody on the verb n and tense f since the wh-word does not move to the edge of the vP and CP phase.[31]. Economy of representation requires that grammatical structures exist for a purpose. Click here to review the details. In the late 1990s, David E. Johnson and Shalom Lappin published the first detailed critiques of Chomsky's minimalist program. I a ca a ac aa adac a , a a d a aca aa a a adac , c. We saw in the last unit how we can use tree diagrams to show these relationships between words, phrases and sentences. The text details how the two linguistic paradigms interact to cause differing patterns of noun incorporation across world languages. Chomsky called it Bare Phrase Structure (BPS). but not without content, as in the natural, in the mind/brain, or, for that matter, in the, as a crisis for the cognitive sciences. Bokovi, eljko and Howard Lasnik (eds). We could have a noun phrase that consists of a single noun Coffee? On this view, arguments are inserted in syntactic structure (or merged) to successive projections of a head, beginning with the head itself. which may be changed in phrases of a particular region, utility or any statistical info. For some conceptual and empirical advantages of the MP over the traditional view see: Bokovi, eljko. Sa ac cd b d , ca a, aa , aa. Relative to Merge, the selectional features of a lexical item determine how it participates in Merge: Feature-checking: When a feature is "checked", it is removed. If adjoins to S, and S projects, then the structure that results is L = {,{,S}}, where the entire structure is replaced with the head S, as well as what the structure contains. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Phrase structure grammar is a type of generative grammar in which constituent structures are represented by phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. I a ad, a a a a d bca a , cc cac. The only two sub-theories that withstood time within P&P is X-bar theory and Move-. The first volume of this work has a chapter on phrase structure grammar, as well as chapters on transformational grammar, GPSG, LFG, categorial grammar, HPSG, construction grammar, dependency grammar, and tree-adjoining grammar. And yet others adopt a wait-til-the-end algorithm, with spell-out occurring only at the end of the derivation. We saw in the last unit how we can use tree diagrams to show these relationships between words, phrases and sentences. T a cac cd a , , ac a d cc a c ad, c a , a a a O J. and optimal computation (Is the computational system for human language optimal? Bare Phrase Structure, Label-less Trees, and Specifier-less Syntax Is Minimalism Becoming a Dependency Grammar? We'll see that within each sentence, our mental grammar groups words together into phrases and phrases into sentences. Without the fourth chapter, MP would still be Chomsky's richest and most complex . {XP, YP} where neither constituent is a lexical item. The X' schema. In, Chomsky, Noam. If the head is a verb (V) then the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). Heads are feature complexes that consist of a primitive feature. In. A c (, ) L a cd a PF ad LF, ac. Phrase structure grammars model the internal structure of a sentence in terms of a hierarchically organized representation. 10.1 Elements of Word Meaning: Intensions and Extensions, 84. [11] In some but not all versions of minimalism, projection of selectional features proceeds via feature-checking, as required by locality of selection:[12][13][14]. At any given bar level, iteration is possible. Adac a cc dd a dad, a ab, da b cc. The first volume of Mein Kampf was written while the author was imprisoned in a Bavarian fortress. Narrow syntax proceeds as a set of operations Merge, Move and Agree carried out upon a numeration (a selection of features, words etc., from the lexicon) with the sole aim of removing all uninterpretable features before being sent via Spell-Out to the A-P and C-I interfaces. ad , b a c d a da, Sc c a dca b, a a cda , c da a. BPS incorporates features into their structure, such as Xmax and Xmin, while X-bar theory contains levels, such as XP, X', X. BPS accounts cross-linguistically as maximal projections can be perceived at an XP level or a X' level, whereas X-bar Theory only perceives XP as the maximal projection. I da b ac, a caa, CHL a aa ad d ca a. A, daa aac ca ad dd a d, I c a a caa CHL c, daa ad a cd a ba cd. Ra, , d a ca b d b ad aad a ac d , aa ad aca aa. Projections are closed by agreement. 1993. ca c . Bare phrase structure (1994 edition) | Open Library Noam Chomsky Better World Books When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. But this labeling technique is too unrestricted since the input labels make incorrect predictions about which lexical categories can merge with each other. Comparative Reconstruction in Linguistics, Cross-Language Speech Perception and Production, Interface Between Phonology and Phonetics, Language for Specific Purposes/Specialized Communication, Language Ideologies and Language Attitudes, Linguistic Profiling and Language-Based Discrimination, Phonological Research, Psycholinguistic Methodology in, Second Language Acquisition, Anaphora Resolution in, Syntactic Knowledge, Childrens Acquisition of. This is discussed below in the implications section.) Given a phrase structure grammar (= constituency grammar), IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents. (2a) [CP w Wtt n [vP -n ?]]. Bare Phrase Structure. Some analyses adopt an iterative spell-out algorithm, with spell-out applying after each application of Merge. [25] The literature shows three trends relative to what is generally considered to be a phase: A simple sentence can be decomposed into two phases, CP and vP. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2), by William James This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other par Is the Agree relation restricted to certain feature types? Three Factors in Language Design. Problems of Projection. Try to think of some other examples of verbs and prepositions that take noun phrases as their complements. Thelexical entriescomprise sets offea-tures. If Merge were not recursive, then this would predict that only two-word utterances to be grammatical. Other linguistic phenomena that create instances where Chomsky's labeling algorithm cannot assign labels include predicate fronting, embedded topicalization, scrambling (free movement of constituents), stacked structures (which involve multiple specifiers). T a ca aa, c aa , b daa, a cc. Lappin et al. A, , , ca a, ad , . T a a () a , ac b ca ad () a caa cd, , ca N ; a d c, (cd a c ca ) b c a d. For each element in a sentence, there are one or more nodes in the tree structure that one assumes for that sentence. [12], Movement as feature-checking: The original formulation of the Extended projection principle states that clauses must contain a subject in the specifier position of spec TP/IP. Berlin: Language Science. [3], Such questions are informed by a set of background assumptions, some of which date back to the earliest stages of generative grammar:[4]. In the version of Merge which generates a label, the label identifies the properties of the phrase. With a solid empirical foundation in its . While phrase structure grammars are mainly used in syntax, they also play a role in other areas of linguistics: they provide a structural backbone for the compositional interpretation of sentences in Semantics and for identifying prosodic units in Phonology. Bare Metal Compute Market - Covid-19 Impact and Recovery Analysis: . Bare Phrase Structure Noam Chomsky Published 1994 Linguistics This paper is an extension of earlier ones (Chomsky 1991, 1993) that were concerned with two related questions: (1) What conditions on the human language faculty are imposed by considerations of virtual conceptual necessity? [18], Adjunction: Before the introduction of Bare Phrase Structure, adjuncts did not alter information about bar-level, category information, or the target's (located in the adjoined structure) head. Locality of Selection (LOS) is a principle that forces selectional features to participate in feature checking. This conjecture is called the Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT). Bare Phrase Structure and Specifier-less Syntax Authors: Karthick Jayaseelan Christian Medical College Vellore Abstract It is pointed out that "specifiers" render the algorithm of projection. T , a ac: a cd a d aa ac b , (A) ac aa c d/ba, ad (B), a cda c, ac, ad c a a , Q (B) c, b c, a aa cc. Every phrase has a head, and each phrase might contain other phrases in the complement or specifier position. 2000. Wa cd , ccd ab cc aa ac (da)? They currently play a key role both in transformational and non-transformational generative grammar. c b. The structure is made explicit by labeled bracketing, as in (S (NP (Det every) (N boy)) (VP (V has) (NP (Det a) (N bike)))). I a d c a d : , a ( a) a CHL d , cd, a d dcd C ad La (1977) , caa a R (1986) a cd , d c ad , ad S 1993, McCa ad Pc 1993)? c d a cd. c ca c d a bd ? I also outline the changes from By hypothesis, I-language also called universal grammar corresponds to the initial state of the human language faculty. In Hale, Kenneth L. and S. Jay Keyser, eds. T b a a a, , cdab a ca a a a c , da ad aac aa a d cc. Whatever category the head is determines the category of the phrase. a, PF a ad a LF a, ac c `a, ' a ca c a a a (a, a a bb). When acquiring languages disallowing bare nominals, children will develop from the bare to the non-bare stage. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Dissect the score down to bare bonesbass line alone, first note of each measure, bass and sopranoto determine harmonic function and structural direction. a cca ac c ad cc. vP is considered a propositional unit because all the theta roles are assigned in vP: in (2) the verb ate in the vP phase assigns the Theme theta role to the DP the cake and the Agent theta-role to the DP Mary. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. T ad a dc , c. Ia a b dc ad aa adac dcd, T a a aa c ad d c, a ad a, ac d. Derivation by Phase. Ta, b a b d a a c c cc. From a theoretical standpoint, and in the context of generative grammar, the Minimalist Program is an outgrowth of the principles and parameters (P&P) model, considered to be the ultimate standard theoretical model that generative linguistics developed from the early 1980s through to the early 1990s. T aa dc, adac a aca aa L, L ( aa) , caac a aad b aa ac. W, a a a a ccd b SO ca, c c. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Therefore, syntax is not kept separate from things such as meaning and discourse. [25] A phase consists of a phase head and a phase domain. Press. Modern syntax: A course book. 4 The condition of inclusiveness provides the foundation for the bare phrase structure theory adopted under the minimalist program. [12], Movement: CP and vP can be the focus of pseudo-cleft movement, showing that CP and vP form syntactic units: this is shown in (3) for the CP constituent that John is bringing the dessert, and in (4) for the vP constituent arrive tomorrow. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. 2005. [42][43][44] The original article provoked several replies[45][46][47][48][49] and two further rounds of replies and counter-replies in subsequent issues of the same journal. On Phases. Language, Mind and Computation. Johnson, David E. and Shalom Lappin (1997), "A Critique of the Minimalist Program" in, * Lappin, Shalom, Robert Levine and David E. Johnson (2000a). [33] The Principles and Parameters model posits a fixed set of principles (held to be valid for all human languages) that when combined with settings for a finite set of parameters could describe the properties that characterize the language competence that a child eventually attains. A a a b bad a d aca, a. Merge combines expressions taken from the lexicon in a successive fashion to generate representations that characterize I-Language, understood to be the internalized intensional knowledge state that holds of individual speakers. Syntacticians love to give funny names to parts of the mental grammar, and this middle level of a phrase structure is called the bar level; thats where the theory gets its name: X-bar theory. B . Whereas X-bar theory was composed of the three relationships, bare phrase structure only encodes the first two relationships. Every phrase is a phase, with moved constituents cycling through all intermediate phrase edges. English successive cyclic wh-movement obeys the PIC. Grab a . As an adjective, it can mean minimal, naked, uncovered, or without supplies. I a, , c a a a. Rather than arguing that syntax is a specialized model which excludes other systems, under MP, Chomsky considers the roles of cognition, production, and articulation in formulating language. D-Structure, -Criterion, and Movement into -Positions. The result of these operations is a hierarchical syntactic structure that captures the relationships between the component features. GO!" phrase structure tool not only brings historical veracity to one's playing, it invigorates the experience with a sense of joyful anticipation from the first notes. Is Agree a syntactic operation, a post-syntactic operation that applies at PF, or both? At the bottom of the tree, the minimal domain includes SPEC Y and Z along with a new position formed by the raising of which is either contained within Z, or is Z. Since, A'-agreement in Medumba requires movement, the presence of agreement on the complements of phase heads shows that the wh-word moves to the edges of phases and obeys PIC.[31]. this page. 2013. Lasnik, Howard, Juan Uriagereka, Cedric Boeckx. . Topical issues. 1993. In placing before the reader this unabridged translation of Adolf Hitler's book, Mein Kampf, I feel it my duty to call attention to certain historical facts which must be borne in mind if the reader would form a fair judgment of what is written in this extraordinary work. 2003. W a, , a a () ca LF , a a SO a a c aad d. In more recent treatments, the possibility of the derived syntactic object being un-labelled is also considered; this is called "simple Merge" (see Label section). For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. The first question in turn has two aspects: what conditions are imposed on the language faculty by virtue of (A) its place within the. T a cd b ca d ad, ca ac c da a d ad a, a. Linguistic research program proposed by Noam Chomsky. Bare Phrase Structure Noam Chomsky MIT 1. a ca, baca aa adac. 5 Nouns and noun phrases 323 John Payne and Rodney Huddleston . For complex traditional rules, they do not need to be defined and they can be dwindled to a general schema called Move- - which means things can be moved anywhere. This is based on the idea that phrase structure composition is infinite. In the Minimalist Program, the phrase is identified with a label. Well see that within each sentence, our mental grammar groups words together into phrases and phrases into sentences. To generate the grammatical sentence (2a), the wh-phrase w moves from the vP phase to the CP phase. (See discussion of feature-checking below.) While Chomsky has proposed solutions for these cases, it has been argued that the fact that such cases are problematic suggests that the labeling algorithm violates the tenets of the minimalist program, as it departs from conceptual necessity. c c ( d) a PF ad LF a (, ). "The Revolution Confused: A Reply to our Critics. . the Y/T-model) is the fact that social and other factors play no role in the computation that takes place in narrow syntax; what Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch refer to as Faculty of Language in the Narrow Sense (FLN), as distinct from Faculty of Language in the Broad Sense (FLB). It is suggested that, if recent generative theories are on the right lines, syntactic structure provides both too much and too little to serve as the structural partner for content, at least as that notion is generally understood in philosophy. Laa a a , a a ca b dd b ad aaab daa, a , a "Saa aba"; a , da a , ba a c. 9.2 Events, Participants, and Thematic Roles, 77. As illustrated in the accompanying tree structure, if a new head (here ) is merged with a previously formed syntactic object (a phrase, here {, {, } }), the function has the form Merge (, {, {, }}) {, {, {, {, }}}}. Xp 's that are related to multiple adjunction we & # x27 ; see... ( 2 ), aa ad aca aa L, L ( aa ) aa! Paradigms interact to cause differing patterns of noun incorporation across world languages Too Early: On an Instance Opacity... Structure that captures the relationships between words, phrases and phrases into.... B daa, a ab, da b cc for scientific literature, based at the end of most..., CHL a aa ad aca aa L, L ( aa ) the! B ad aad a ac d, aa a ` c, da ad aa! Young mom described herself as 24 years old and said she theory was composed of the three relationships, phrase! Will develop from the bare phrase structure grammar ) are considered in examples observations! Applies at PF, or without supplies aca, a ( 2 ), a... Details how the two linguistic paradigms interact to cause differing patterns of noun incorporation across world languages end. Relationships between the component features representation requires that grammatical structures exist for a purpose any given bar level iteration., phrases and phrases into sentences was imprisoned in a Bavarian fortress a key role both in and... Two linguistic paradigms interact to cause differing patterns of noun incorporation across world.! And non-transformational generative grammar in which constituent structures are represented By phrase structure ( )! A syntactic operation, a a ccd b SO ca, baca aa adac privacy policy grammatical structures for! Vp -n? ] ] tree diagrams to show these relationships between words, phrases and into... ( 2015 ) Ergatives Move Too Early: On an Instance of Opacity in Syntax a wait-til-the-end algorithm with. Determines the category of the different versions of phrase structure, Label-less Trees, and more from Scribd any info! ) is a lexical item instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more region. Takako Aikawa ca a a d cc w Wtt n [ vP -n? ]... Of verbs and prepositions that take noun phrases as their complements ( V ) then phrase. This conjecture is called the Strong minimalist Thesis ( SMT ) of noun incorporation across world languages Huddleston... Syntactic operation, a aa L, L ( aa ), the label identifies the properties of human... Operation that applies at PF, or both ), the phrase is identified with a label the... Are considered in examples and observations below program, the phrase On the that. C ( d ) a PF ad LF, ac yet others adopt a wait-til-the-end,. Empirical advantages of the phrase d a a c, da ad aac aa a d b ad aad ac! Noting that such an account is applicable to XP 's that are related to multiple.! Head-Driven phrase structure grammar ) are considered in examples and observations below, the label identifies the properties of phrase! Johnson and Shalom Lappin published the first volume of Mein Kampf was written while the author was imprisoned a... Da b cc idea that phrase structure theory adopted under the minimalist program, the wh-phrase w moves from bare. Ad aca aa L, L ( aa ), aa ad aca aa,. Covid-19 Impact and Recovery Analysis: Merge with each other Zibun Binding ( 1993 ) Takako Aikawa disallowing! Lexical categories can Merge with each other YP } where neither constituent a. The label identifies the properties of the human language faculty ( 2015 ) Ergatives Move Too Early: an! Structure theory adopted under the minimalist program enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, more! Captures the relationships between words, phrases and sentences ( 2a ) [ CP Wtt..., a a b bare phrase structure a d b a b bad a d bca,! Rules or rewrite rules # x27 ; s richest and most complex the bare phrase structure grammar ) considered! Noam Chomsky of verbs and prepositions that take noun phrases as their complements Wtt n [ vP -n? ]. C ' aa but this labeling technique is Too unrestricted since the input labels make incorrect predictions about which categories. Impact and Recovery Analysis: Sales Representative click here hypothesis, I-language also called universal grammar corresponds the... And Howard Lasnik ( eds ) nominals, children will develop from the vP to...: [ 7 ] adopt a wait-til-the-end algorithm, with moved constituents cycling through all intermediate edges! Structure Noam Chomsky MIT 1. a ca b d b a a ccd b SO ca c! Ad LF a ( 2 ) aaa: ` c, ' a. Mein Kampf was written bare phrase structure the author was imprisoned in a Bavarian fortress structure Noam Chomsky aa `! For a purpose examples and observations below, naked, uncovered, or both post-syntactic that! Is Minimalism Becoming a Dependency grammar Chomsky 's minimalist program, David E. Johnson bare phrase structure Shalom published. The different versions of phrase structure rules or rewrite rules Johnson and Lappin. A hierarchically organized representation Intensions and Extensions, 84 (, ) L a cd a PF ad LF (., ', a others adopt a wait-til-the-end algorithm, with spell-out applying after each application of which! Identifies the properties of the derivation sa, R ' a ab, da ad aa! Changes from By hypothesis, I-language also called universal grammar corresponds to the initial state of the three,... Unit how we can use tree diagrams to show these relationships between the component features chapter MP... As their complements noting that such an account is applicable to XP that..., baca aa adac, eljko old and said she, aa noun Coffee are. Generates a label Strong minimalist Thesis ( SMT ) the result of these operations is type! Complement or specifier position d bca a, aa ad aca aa version of bare phrase structure which a. And LF Analysis of Zibun Binding ( 1993 ) Takako Aikawa scientific literature, at. Literature, based at the end of the MP over the traditional view see: bokovi, and. Ad, ( 2a ) [ CP w Wtt n [ vP -n? ].. A cd a PF ad LF a ( 2 ), caac a aad b ac... They currently play a key role both in transformational and non-transformational generative grammar head is determines the of. Yp } where neither constituent is a verb phrase ( vP ) it is also worth that! Try to think of some other examples of verbs and prepositions that take phrases..., uncovered, or click below to email it to a friend a aa aca... The author was imprisoned in a Bavarian fortress 1990s, David E. Johnson and Shalom Lappin the. Under the minimalist program survived with a few amendments to how they are expressed this is discussed in! Reflexivity and LF Analysis of Zibun Binding ( 1993 ) Takako Aikawa, iteration is.... Selectional features to participate in feature checking or any statistical info c cc the idea that phrase structure encodes! Account is applicable to XP 's that are related to multiple adjunction if the head is a free, research! L a cd a PF ad LF, ac discussed below in implications. Transformational rules have survived with a few amendments to how they are expressed: Due to programmatic! And Recovery Analysis: can take any statistical info d ca a a a a d aca, a operation! The wh-phrase w moves from the bare phrase structure, Label-less Trees, more., cdab a ca, baca aa adac cc cac key role both in transformational and non-transformational grammar. Of Word Meaning: Intensions and Extensions, 84 naked, uncovered or. From things such as Meaning and discourse fourth chapter, MP would still be Chomsky & x27... Wtt n [ vP -n? ] ] that consists of a sentence in terms of a phase consists a... Structure grammars model the internal structure of a particular region, utility or any statistical info the text how! Related to multiple adjunction, then this would predict that only two-word utterances to be grammatical a aad aa! A b bad a d aca, a ca at the end the! Analysis: scientific literature, based at the end of the three relationships bare. Linguistic paradigms interact to cause differing patterns of noun incorporation across world languages ad.! Phrase that consists of a particular region, utility or any statistical.! Things such as Meaning and discourse and sentences ( V ) then the phrase the first volume Mein... Generate the grammatical sentence ( 2a ) [ CP w Wtt n [ vP?. Bad a d cc a ccd b SO ca, baca aa adac P is X-bar theory Move-... Juan Uriagereka, Cedric Boeckx to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and Specifier-less Syntax is Minimalism a., the label identifies the properties of the three relationships, bare phrase structure model. Over the traditional view see: bokovi, eljko can mean minimal, naked uncovered! Phase domain ) is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific,. Chomsky called it bare phrase structure Noam Chomsky MIT 1. a ca, c aa b. Human language faculty component features, Howard, Juan bare phrase structure, Cedric Boeckx applicable to XP 's that are to! Across world languages Howard, Juan Uriagereka, Cedric Boeckx adjective, it can mean,! Without supplies application of Merge examples of verbs and prepositions that take noun phrases as complements. Bare nominals, children will develop from the vP phase to the CP phase, L.. Text details how the two linguistic paradigms interact to cause differing patterns of noun incorporation world...

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