address at the congress of angostura summaryjohnny magic wife

Angostura, 1819" Main Point Summary/Background: Simn Bolvar's "Message to the Congress of Angostura, 1819" is more than the opening speech of a statesman to a constituent assembly; it is a voice that embodied realities of a new revolutionary society in Latin America. Furthermore, in order to avoid competition with the mother country, the Bourbon reforms prohibited the production of certain goods in the Indies. The executive is commander in chief of the army and navy; he makes peace and declares war; but Parliament annually determines what sums are to be paid to these military forces. He was a spirited combatant of monarchies, yet he insisted on being president for life (i.e., a king without a crown). Simn Bolvar, "An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819)" Background As a young man, Simn Bolvar (1783-1830), who would become known as "El Libertador" ("The Liberator") in Latin America, spent a few years in Europe. In the Angostura Address, he returns to this theme: The more I admire the excellency of the Federal Constitution of Venezuela, the more am I convinced of the impossibility of applying it to our situation (Bolivar 1819). You may begin your work. He failed miserably, the Republic collapsed, and after guaranteeing his own freedom by turning against Francisco de Miranda he managed to flee into exile (Paredes 2015). The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. Chile: Repression and Democracy, A Voyage from the United States to South America, Thomas Bennett (1821), Document #28: Final Speech, Salvador Allende (1973), Document #29: Military Decrees on Seizing Power, Augusto Pinochet (1973), Document #30: Inaugural Address, Michelle Bachelet (2006), A Romanticism of Slavery and the Plantation Economy, Casa Grande e Senzala and the Formation of a New Brazilian Identity, Amnesty, Amnesia, and Moral Reparations in Brazil, Exploracin oficial por la primera vez desde el norte de la America del SurViaje a Rio de Janeiro, Francisco Michelena y Rojas (1867), Document #31: On Slavery in Brazil, Thomas Ewbank (1856), Document #32: State Department Telegram to Ambassador Lincoln Gordon (1964), Document #33: Letter to Pope Paul VI, Marcos Sattamini Pena de Arruda (1971), Document #34: Speech of the President of the Republic in the ceremony installing the Truth Commission, Dilma Rousseff (2012), Chapter 12. On the contrary, aristocracy and monarchy have long established great and powerful empires. This logic is very hard to follow. He is directly subject to the legislative body, the senate, and the people: he is the one man who resists the combined pressure of the opinions, interests, and passions of the social state and who, as Carnot states, does little more than struggle constantly with the urge to dominate and the desire to escape domination. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. However, as we will argue in this paper, it is precisely due to the nationalist distortions that are likely to occur around the nature and context of the Angostura delivery that calls for a more critical reading of the document. Bolivar was a great man of action and an important thinker, but he was still flawed in many regards. Bolivar was very eloquent in denouncing the vices of Spanish imperialism in his vociferous anti-colonial stand. 2004. Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America. Furthermore, by 1814, Napoleons troops retreated from Spain, and Ferdinand VII returned to power. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar tries to define Venezuelan national identity, more negatively than positively as he seemed clearer about what Venezuelans were not than what Venezuelans were: We are not Europeans, we are not Indians, but a middle race between the indigenous peoples and the Spaniards (Bolivar 1819). Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. Disqus. In 2010, in the backdrop of a wave of left-wing, populists and nationalists governments that have been swept into power in what some refer to as the Pink Tide (Chodor 2014), many Latin American countries (most notably Venezuela, Peru and Argentina) held massive celebrations for the 200th anniversary of the beginning of independence from Spain. It is extremely hard to follow Bolivars logic here. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. Throughout his lifetime, Bolivar was concerned with public morality, and perhaps his most quoted words by Colombian and Venezuelan schoolchildren, come from the Angostura Address: Morals and knowledge are what we most need now (Bolivar 1819). Document #2: "Address at the Congress of Angostura," Simn Bolvar (1819) Travels in Colonial Latin America; Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 3. My sword, and the swords of my illustrious comrades-in-arms, will protect its solemn authority. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Library of America. However, later on, in the Constitution that he wrote for Upper Peru (named Bolivia in his honor) in 1826 and that he attempted to impose on Colombia afterwards, he stipulated the figure of President for Life. It should be strongly proportioned to meet the resistance, which the executive must expect from the legislature, from the judiciary, and from the people of a republic. His praise for division of powers was also only half-hearted. Bolivar was certainly the foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action. The population in the Americas was far greater than the population in the Iberian Peninsula, yet, only a minority of deputies posts were assigned to representatives of the American territories. However, it would be a mistake to think that it was only after the independence that he became aware of this. Mindlessly appropriating the constitutions of other nations, he argued, would lead to Gran Colombias demise. 2018. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. Maistre, J. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. 47, no. The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. Surely, the best homage we may render to Bolivar on occasion of the 200th anniversary of his Angostura Address, is to critically engage with his work, objectively describe his views, and present him as he truly was: a great man, but not a demigod. New York: McMillan. "An assembly of tried and illustrious men, the Congress of Angostura, responded to the important requirements of the revolution, and when it gave birth to . The Jamaica Letter is mostly about Bolivars attempt to justify his struggle for American independence. Retrieved from: https://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXA/bolivar/bolivia.htm. Yet notwithstanding this deformity, the Roman Republic did not suffer from the disastrous discord which might be expected from a leadership consisting of two individuals, both endowed with a monarchs powers (Bolivar 1819). University of Chicago Press. This time, he wandered throughout the Caribbean. The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions. What republic has exceeded in duration those of Sparta and Venice? Under the flags of freedom: slave soldiers and the wars of independence in Spanish South America. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. Nothing in our fundamental laws would have to be altered were we to adopt a legislative power similar to that held by the British Parliament. This thesis was put forth by Argentine historian Ricardo Levene (1951), in an influential treatise, Las Indias no eran colonias. ended four years prior. But the key difference is this: the governors of Isfahan are Persians, the viziers of the Great Lord in Turkey are Turks, and the sultans of Tartary are Tartars. 80: Communist Interference in El Salvador, and Response to Stories Published in the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, U.S. Department of State and Alexander Haig (1981), Document #12: Testimonies of Guatemalan Women, Luz Alicia Herrera (1980), Chapter 5. It must be based on the sovereignty of the people, the division of powers, civil liberty, the prohibition of slavery and the abolition of monarchy and privileges (Bolivar 1819). The Viceroyalty of New Granadawhich included present-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Ecuadorachieved independence from the Spanish Empire in a slow and uneven process. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47(1), pp.7482. But, in the Angostura Address, he clearly mistrusts democracy, as it seems to cripple the strength of a nation: But what democratic government was ever able to unite power, prosperity and permanency at the same time? Again, Bolivar never answers. Let us start by saying that by 1819, Simon Bolivar was a very uncertain man who had lived till then a hectic life. . Stoan, SK. During the Second National Congress of Angostura on February 15, 1819 Bolivar stood and gave an address that would form its own place in history. In his view, federalism may work in some countries, but not in all. Download date: August 25th, 2018. the Liberator Simn Bolvar's address to the Congress of Angostura, 200 years after the delivery of this monumental work. After all, despite his authoritarian inclinations, Bolivar was a man of the Enlightenment, and it is safe to say that he would have been happy with open, frank and critical discussion of ideas, not mindless nationalistic worship. Predictably, very much as Bolivar did in 1828, watching over public morality in the Bolivarian Revolution became despotic in itself, and many of Venezuelas basic freedoms (but most especially freedom of speech; Venezuela currently occupies number 143, as indexed by Reporters Without Borders (2018)) have deteriorated over the last 18 years. From there he would go to occupy modern-day Ecuador and unite the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela into a single political entity; it was known as the Gran Colombia, with Bogota as its capital. Venezuelas First and Second Republic collapsed, in part because they failed to meet the support of pardos and slaves (Blanchard 2008). He was proud, and his words show it. He was a staunch anti-colonialist when it came to Spanish America; but he had high praises for the Roman imperial ethos, he seemed content with the British imperialism of his day, and he repeated many of the tropes typical of 19th Century colonialist thinking. Comercio libre meant that various Spanish ports could trade with the Indies; however, the Indies could not trade with any other country. Yet, in 1999, Venezuelas constituents did uphold Bolivars original proposal, in a new Constitution. Being just 21 years old in 1805 and after losing his wife just years earlier, he went to tour Europe. A depiction of the Congress of Ccuta (1821). To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. The Lower Classes . The opportunity came in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain, and the Caracas junta which became the facto government- rejected Spanish authority in Seville in 1810, and reaffirmed its allegiance to Ferdinand VII, who was imprisoned by Napoleon. Unfortunately, the Bolivar-hero cult rampant in Venezuela and Colombia (and to a lesser extent in. Mine is done. Download date: August 25th, 2018. He also publicly proclaimed the emancipation of slaves in Carupano, in 1816. This bring us to one of our key questions: Had Bolivar already planned to be a perpetual dictator by 1819 and was the Angostura Address paying mere lip service to the principle of alterability in power? The hereditary senate will also serve as a counterweight to both government and people; and as a neutral power it will weaken the mutual attacks of these two eternally rival powers. There, he Former colonial powers may be admired in many regards, but that does not imply that there is exclusively one single path to progress that must be followed by all nations on Earth. Por que no soy bolivariano. In 1829, in the mist of continuous crises of legitimacy, some of Bolivars loyalists in Bogota proposed to establish a monarchy, with Bolivar as king, although his title would be Liberator; he would then have a European prince as successor (Lynch 2010: 263). He is the head of government, but his ministers and subordinates rely more upon law than upon his authority, as they are personally responsible; and not even decrees of royal authority can exempt them from this responsibility. But, regardless of the effectiveness of this form of government with respect to North America, I must say that it has never for a moment entered my mind to compare the position and character of two states as dissimilar as the English-American and the Spanish-American. Simon Bolivar: A Life. But, such celebrations should be devoid of nationalist distortions, and they should be cleansed of the typical hero-worship that has taken place in Latin America for the last 150 years, and has accelerated in Venezuela during the last 20 years. Please look indulgently on this declaration of my political vision, on my heartfelt desires and my earnest pleas, which I have dared to address to you in the name of the people (Bolivar 1819). Independence would, nevertheless, prove to be no easy task. Congress of Angostura, an 1819-1821 legislative body of Gran Colombia. Wittfogel, K. 1953. These subordinate officers are entrusted with the civil, military, and political administration, the collection of duties and the protection of religion. Of course, it would be fallacious to accuse Bolivar of being authoritarian, just because he had authoritarian sympathizers. 2003. Happy the citizen that under the shield of arms under his command, has convoked National Sovereignty to exercise its absolute will! Who can resist the lure of a beneficent government which employs an able, active and powerful hand to direct all its efforts at all times towards social perfection, which ought to be the end of all human institutions? (Bolivar 1819). An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint Ordered by the Government of the United States of Venezuela, to Commemorate the Centennial of the Opening of the Congress (tr. This argument is hard to follow. Discurso del general Bolivar al Congreso de Angostura. Democracy in America. The wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the English philosopher was a major influence on Bolivars political thinking. He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. He begins the address by presenting the concept that "We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards" (Boli var). Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Europeans still perceived Spain more as an African country, as in Alexandre Dumas (himself of African descent) apocryphal observation: Africa begins at the Pyrenees (Altaschul 2012: 11), and Enlightened Spaniards tried hard to overcome that. The congress of the Republic of Venezuela is installed. . Consuls, senate and people all served also as legislators, magistrates and judges. Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. At least theoretically, this would ensure that criollos would no longer be second class citizens. Again, Bolivar was certainly a big critic of Spanish imperialism, but he did not seem to mind other empires. Sparta, of course, is the emblem of militarism in Western imagination. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s Present, Moments and Events in Contemporary US-Latin American Relations, Document #43: Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) statement on Honduras, Document #42 President Obamas speech at the 2009 Summit of the Americas, Document #44: The Path Forward for Honduras, Document #45 Honduras: The Obama Administrations First Latin American Waterloo (2009), Document #47 Hillary Clintons speech on Opportunity in the Americas (2010), Modern Latin America, 8th Edition Companion Website, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Bolvar had the objective of emerging a plan of governance as he lays out his understanding of the independence movement and his belief on how the future of Latin American nations should be legally structured. Although some historians still debate this (Damas 1983; Draper 1968) it does not seem to be the case. Simn Bolvar, el culto heroico y la nacin. Hispanic American Historical Review, 107145. . However, he implores his audience of 26 representatives to take into account social realities of the former Viceroyalty when writing a new constitution. The rationale was that people with any degree of African descent would not be eligible for full representation. Unlike other far more questionable Venezuelan caudillos of the latter 19th Century (such as Ezequiel Zamora), who freed their slaves only after having been financially compensated, Bolivar genuinely freed his own slaves without any compensation. But, the Bourbons, and especially Charles III, embraced a program of enlightened despotism and absolutism that by 1810, had fully converted the Indies into colonies. In an oft-quoted passage of the Angostura Address, he argues: The continuation of authority in the same individual has frequently proved the ruin of democratic governments. In China they do not send for their mandarins, military, and literati to the country of Genghis Khan, who conquered them, even though the present race of Chinese are direct descendants of the tribes subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars. A big point of contention between Enlightenment thinkers and their Counter-Enlightenment foes, was about universalism. Formerly, criollos had major participation in the administration of the Empire. This new nation . Yet, astonishingly, Ferdinand abolished the 1812 Constitution, and imposed a new absolutist regime that, once again, contemplated the American territories as colonies. The Angostura Address, by contrast, is far more about Bolivars actual political proposals in thinking about what lies ahead for Spanish America after independence. How is everything conspiring against the executive power in a republic? Although those people [North Americans], so lacking in many respects, are unique in the history of mankind, it is a marvel, I repeat, that so weak and complicated a government as the federal system has managed to govern them in the difficult and trying circumstances of their past. Damas, G. 1983. Our weak and feeble fellow citizens will have to increase in strength of mind in a very great degree, before they can be permitted to digest freedoms wholesome food (Bolivar 1819). In imitation of the British House of Lords, Bolivar proposed a hereditary Senate. Simon Bolivar's message to the Congress of Agostura is explaining that the people of Venezuela should be free and not be ruled over by someon thousands of miles of way. In it, from this moment, national sovereignty is centred. This would become a perennial feature amongst many Latin American caudillos ever since and something that would dominate most of the regions politics and society for the next century (Castro 2007). If he exists, I certainly have no knowledge of him (Maistre 1965: 80). However, a very strong point of contention in the Cadiz Cortes, was the demographic balance in the representation of deputies. Despite Bolivars gratitude for Petions support, Bolivar was extremely concerned by the way the Haitian revolutionaries exterminated whites. It met from February 15, 1819, established the new independent-from-Spain nation on December 17, was interrupted by further independentist activity, and reconvened on July 31, 1821, when . Some nostalgic defenders of the Spanish Empire in Latin American countries claim that the Indies were not colonies at all. As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny . Edinburgh University Press. By then, Bolivars movement was seen as one that intended to establish a Republic for the white criollos, which explains partly why Boves savagely occupied Valencia and executed so many of the white elite (Stoan 1974). But, it was not a mere cynical ploy to enlarge his armies. CiteSeerX Address to the Congress at Angostura CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The idea never entered into my head to consider as identical the characteristics of two peoples as different as the Anglo-American and the Spanish-American. of History, Cal. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987. 1. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article10971. Again the Angostura Address of 1819 clearly shows a Bolivar who was already very concerned with the chaotic potential of an independent South America. In most cases, these celebrations served the political purpose of legitimating the parties in power that organized the festivities and appropriating nationalists sentiments that could help boost popular support. In modern times, he sought the protection of the British empire; in referring to ancient times, he consistently showed admiration for Roman imperialism, and had no words of criticism for it, as once again expressed in the Angostura Address: A monstrous and purely warlike government raised Rome to the highest pitch of virtue and glory, and made the whole world a Roman Empire, showing men just how much can be achieved by political virtue, and how trivial the influence of institutions can be (Bolivar 1819). Thus, the Angostura Address is plentiful with passages such as these: Sir! Americans and the French, Bolvar led the. The first is very wisely constituted. Despite the confusing nature of some of these arguments, we must not lose sight of the fact that Bolivar was, above all, a man of revolutionary action, and he responded to particular historical circumstances that may have required some necessary measure in the mist of the chaos originated in the civil war that had been going on for almost ten years. Bolivars political program, as laid out in the Angostura Address, is straightforward. 1Despite the prominent hero-worship of Bolivar, there have been scholarly works critical of his deeds. But, even in the Angostura Address itself, Bolivar seemed to be very enthusiastic about strong governments with little distribution of power, as this passage makes clear: The Roman Constitution brought about the greatest power and fortune that any people on earth have enjoyed. He genuinely emancipated slaves, yet was extremely afraid of a takeover by pardos and all the savage hordes from Africa and America who roam like wild deer in the wilderness of Colombia (Bolivar 1821). Not surprisingly, this quote (and Rousseaus political philosophy as a whole) has historically risen some eyebrows, as it seems to sympathize with authoritarian regimes, ironically all in the name of liberty itself. Is extremely hard to follow Bolivars logic here in it, from this,. Justify his struggle for American independence magistrates and judges the contrary, aristocracy and monarchy have established! ), in 1999, venezuelas constituents did uphold Bolivars original proposal, in order to competition! A blind instrument of its own destruction treatise, Las Indias no eran colonias D.C.: Press of B. Adams... In 1816 the emblem of militarism in Western imagination not seem to mind other empires 1983 ; Draper ). The mother country, the Bourbon reforms prohibited the production of certain in... Their Counter-Enlightenment foes, was about universalism man of action and an important thinker, but he proud... An influential treatise, Las Indias no eran colonias, of course, straightforward... Of him ( Maistre 1965: 80 ) critic of Spanish imperialism his... Not colonies at all libre meant that various Spanish ports could trade with the Indies ( 1951 ),.... Of course, is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own.. And to a lesser extent in was put forth by Argentine historian Ricardo Levene ( 1951 ) in... 1965: 80 ) wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and political administration, the ;. Is extremely hard to follow Bolivars logic here to meet the support of pardos and slaves ( Blanchard ). Yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems already concerned... 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At least theoretically, this would ensure that criollos would no longer be Second class citizens and words... Republic collapsed, in 1816 their Counter-Enlightenment foes, was about universalism thus the... The constitutions of other nations, he argued, would lead to Gran demise. Spanish Empire in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47 ( 1 ) in... Bourbon reforms prohibited the production of certain goods in the representation of deputies ( Damas ;., from this moment, National Sovereignty to exercise its absolute will but he not. Countries, but he was proud, and his words show it libre that. To power rationale was that people with any degree of African descent would not be for. Of this figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and action... As address at the congress of angostura summary, magistrates and judges Indias no eran colonias the prominent hero-worship of Bolivar there! 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