bergelmir flood mythrumen radev model

However they are usually divided into at least 2 types: 1. Bergelmir - God of War Wiki Ymir the Primordial Giant in Norse Mythology When Ymir fell, there issued from his wounds such a flood of blood, that all the frost ogres were drowned, except for the giant Bergelmir who escaped with his wife by climbing onto a lur [a hollowed-out tree trunk that could serve either as a boat or a coffin]. Norse Mythology Bergelmir was the frost giant grandson of Ymir, the first frost giant, who along with his wife were the only giant survivors of the enormous deluge of blood which flowed from Ymir 's wounds when he was killed by Odin and his brothers Vili and Vé. The Genesis flood narrative is the flood myth found in chapters 6–9 of the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Flood Myths - Europe The Rökkr: Grandmother Nal Zeus, atop Mount Olympus, was disgusted at the degeneration of humans, and in particular, the practice of human sacrifice. Their children also lived on mountain peaks. The first thing that needs to be said – well, it doesn’t need to be said because it should be Answer (1 of 3): There are flood myths all over the world. BERGELMIR Son of the hrimthurssar frost giant Thrudgelmir and grandson of ymir, the primeval giant who appeared at the creation. The Hindu myth of Manu (found in the Satapatha Brahmana and the Puranas) is like that of Noah’s story, albeit less popularly known today. The flood, caused by the blood of the murdered androgynous giant Ymir, covers the whole world, and destroys all … Various cultures around the world have legends about a flood that destroyed the earth. In Norse mythology, Bergelmir ( / bɛərˈɡɛlmɪər / bair-GHEL-meer; Old Norse "Mountain Yeller" or "Bear Yeller") is a frost giant, the son of giant Þrúðgelmir and the grandson of Ymir (who was called Aurgelmir among giants), the first frost giant, according to stanza 29 of the poem Vafthrudnismal from the Poetic Edda: You have many flood stories that are considered older than the one we have in The Bible. Bergelmir and his wife thus survived the flood and … It is a widespread theme among many cultures, though it is perhaps best known in modern times through the biblical account of Noah's Ark, the Hindu Puranic story of Manu, through Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic … The oldest one preserved is Nippur tablet, a Sumerian one. In Norse mythology, Þrúðgelmir (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈθruːð.ɟɛlmɪr]; "Strength Yeller") is a frost giant, the son of the primordial giant Aurgelmir (who Snorri Sturluson in Gylfaginning identifies with Ymir ), and the father of Bergelmir. The flood kept rising, submerging the house entirely, and the sun and moon made a new home in the sky. Oceans, seas, and lakes were formed from Ymir's blood. Oceans, seas, and lakes were formed from Ymir's blood. "Myth Motifs in Flood Stories from the Grasslands of Cameroon", in Dundes. The story tells of God's decision to return the Earth to its pre-creation state of watery chaos and then remake it in a reversal of creation. Worldwide Flood Legends. His spurting blood created a flood. People ran on rafts and huddled together to warm themselves. Bergelmir is a frost giant, and the son of Thrudgelmir and the grandson of Ymir, the first giant. Bergelmir and his wife are the only two survivors of all the giants after Ymir’s death and the flood. They used a hollowed-out tree trunk to sail on the flood, it was the first boat. Only Bergelmir escaped with his household on his lúðr(which Snorri Sturluson interpreted as something that would float, and which may have meant coffin, chest, mill-bench or mortar). NUH. سایت دروپینار. Kolig, Erich, 1980. Heaven and Earth were great giants, and Heaven lay upon the Earth so that their children were crowded in the darkness between them. Bergelmir was a frost giant, and the founder of Jötunheim. A deluge myth is a story of a big flood that kills everyone. Once the gods created land, they climbed to the top of a mountain. Welcome to the NicknameDB entry on flood myth nicknames! A similar theme is seen in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Mesopotamian flood stories, Deucalion’s story in Greek mythology, and Bergelmir in Norse Mythology. Bergelmir and his wife were jötnar born Bergelmir was remembered by his people as "Bergelmir the Beloved". The flood myth motif is found among many cultures as seen in the Mesopotamian flood stories, Deucalion and Pyrrha in Greek mythology, the Genesis flood narrative, Manu in Hinduism, the Gun-Yu in Chinese mythology, Bergelmir in Norse mythology, in the lore of the K’iche’ and Maya peoples in Mesoamerica, the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa tribe of Native … One of their sons led his brothers in cutting up Heaven into many pieces. ترانه پیامبر. The prevalence of flood legends is easy to explain if Noahʼs descendants carried with them versions of the true history about Noahʼs Ark, but this history was corrupted over the centuries. Add to Playlist . A frost giant named Bergelmir was able to find a boat and survive with his wife during the flood. The myth of the Eskimo flood. River … In Norse myth the world was flooded not by water, but by blood, after the slaughter of the giant, Ymir. Under the names of Nal and Bergelmir, Laufey and Farbauti appear as the primordial couple in the Norse version of the universal flood myth. FLOOD At the time of creation in Norse mythology, the giant ymir was killed by the gods. Primordial Giant According to the Norse creation myth, in the beginning, there were two worlds. A Giant King with many, MANY children. A giant shrine was made in his honor. The flood myth motif is found among many cultures as seen in the Mesopotamian flood stories, Deucalion and Pyrrha in Greek mythology, the Genesis flood narrative, Pralaya in Hinduism, the Gun-Yu in Chinese mythology, Bergelmir in Norse mythology, in the lore of the K'iche' and Maya peoples in Mesoamerica, the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa tribe of ... The flood myths are found all over the world, not just in the Bible. It said there is evidence that the Dead (or red or black) Sea had a major flood in really early history and that it could correspond to a lot of myths about flooding. 17. The passage describing why the gods have decided this is unfortunately lost. Bergelmir and his wife were jötnar born Bergelmir was remembered by his people as "Bergelmir the Beloved". The ancient Greeks believed in a flood that destroyed all mankind, similar to the account described in the Bible. A flood myth or deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution.Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these myths and the primaeval waters which appear in certain creation myths, as the flood waters are described as a measure for the cleansing of humanity, in preparation for … Rate 5 stars Rate 4 stars Rate 3 stars Rate 2 stars Rate 1 star . It was not humans who survived this flooding, but the Frost Giant (Jotun) Bergelmir and his wife, who had built an ark. Many African cultures have an oral tradition of a flood myth including the Kwaya, Mbuti, Maasai, Mandin, and Yoruba peoples. Ymir drank milk from a primeval cow, which in turn licked blocks of ice and released a man called Buri. Enki instructs Ziusudra to build a large boat. The Hindu myth of Manu (found in the Satapatha Brahmana and the Puranas) is similar to that of Noah’s story, albeit less popularly known today. In Scandinavia, the Old Norse frost giant Bergelmir was the only one to survive a destructive flood, saving himself and his wife by boat. "The Principle of Retribution in the Flood and Catastrophe Myths", in Dundes. The Sumerian myth of Ziusudra tells how the god Enki warns Ziusudra, king of Shuruppak, of the gods' decision to destroy mankind in a flood. injury or poor performance has befallen a number of NFL players who have the honor of gracing the front of the video game created by Electronic Arts. Dead, but not murdered (for once). Religion Quiz / Flood Myths from Around the World Random Religion or World Religions Quiz Can you pick the source of each flood myth? The flood-myth motif occurs in many cultures as seen in: the Mesopotamian flood stories, manvantara-sandhya in Hinduism, the Gun-Yu in Chinese mythology, Deucalion and Pyrrha in Greek mythology, the Genesis flood narrative, Bergelmir in Norse mythology, flood during the time of Nuh (Noah) of Qur'an, the arrival of the first inhabitants of Ireland with Cessair in Irish … Flood myth. The flood destroys the world, and Deucalion and Pyrrha repopulate the world by throwing stones over their shoulders, which are turned into men and women. Norse mythology is the body of myths of the North Germanic people stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. in Germanic (Scandinavian) mythology Hrimthurs, son of Thrudgelmir (Thrúdhgelmir “Strength Yeller”) and grandson of Ymir.Together with his wife (of unknown name) he managed to escape the flood of Ymir’s blood using the flour ark (lúdhr, lit. Manu, the first man, is visited by a fish who warns him of a great flood. A frost giant named Bergelmir was able to find a boat and survive with his wife during the flood. FLOOD At the time of creation in Norse mythology, the giant ymir was killed by the gods. These three gods eventually attacked Ymir while he slept and killed him. In the Greek myth, the flood took place during the age of Deucalion. Once the gods created land, they climbed to the top of a mountain. The myth tells the story of a great flood that is sent out by the Gods in order to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution. Add to Playlist . Þrúðgelmir had one brother and one sister, who were elder than he was. The story of Noah’s Ark is another familiar Abrahamic fable, in which God decides to flood the Earth in response to humankind’s excessive sin. Thus, they became the parents of the next Looks like he arrived on a sea of blood, and when he died he left a sea of tears. Bergelmir; Modern era folklore Finnish. … The prevalence of flood legends is easy to explain if Noahʼs descendants carried with them versions of the true history about Noahʼs Ark, but this history was corrupted over the centuries. Then god told two people to get into a ship. When Odin and his brothers Villi and Ve killed the giant Ymir, the blood that poured from his body flooded the earth. از آلبوم شبی در اپرا (آلبوم کوئین) تاریخ پخش. However they are usually divided into at least 2 types: 1. “Son of Ymir” Svetoslav Petrov 2014. ... Only Bergelmir and his relatives managed to escape and give life to the new history of the Etuns. Under the names of Nal and Bergelmir, Laufey and Farbauti appear as the primordial couple in the Norse version of the universal flood myth. A giant shrine was made in his honor. پراگرسیو راک ، هارد راک ، موسیقی هوی متال. That it in fact was the same flood but not nearly as heavy and that it got exaggerated over time. All the giants were drowned except bergelmir and his wife, who created a new race of giants. The flood myth motif is found among many cultures as seen in the Mesopotamian flood stories, Deucalion in Greek mythology, the Genesis flood narrative, Manu in Hinduism, the Gun-Yu in Chinese mythology, Bergelmir in Norse mythology, in the lore of the K’iche’ and Maya peoples in Mesoamerica, the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa tribe of Native Americans in North … From them spring the families of frost ogres. BERGELMIR (old ice.Bergelmir “Bear Yeller”). /  ۳۹٫۴۴۰۶۳۹° شمالی ۴۴٫۲۳۴۸۰۶° شرقی  / 39.440639; 44.234806. A few examples: Noah's Ark The story of Deucalion The flood in the epic of Gilgamesh The story of Bergelmir ... and so on. The flood myths are found all over the world, not just in the Bible. "Bergelmir … از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد. Various cultures around the world have legends about a flood that destroyed the earth. Flood Myths - Europe Celtic. Bergelmir and his wife were the Each world also had significant places within. According to Wikipedia: A flood myth or deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. by chair Plays Quiz not verified by Sporcle . Bergelmir escaped with his wife by quickly climbing into a boat he had made from a hollowed-out tree trunk. Madden Curse. A flood myth or deluge myth is a narrative in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. Although tradition and mythology has often represented strong circumstantial evidence, recent provable scientific knowledge has been crucial in helping to support the ‘Great Flood’ theory. He is also known variously as Aurgelmir, which means “sand or gravel screamer”, Brimir, which means “blood moisture”, and Blainn, the meaning of which is unknown. ژانر. After a flood of seven day… The Hindu myth of Manu (found in the Satapatha Brahmana and the Puranas) is like that of Noah’s story, albeit less popularly known today. The frost giants coexisted with human beings in Norse mythology. The Old Norse name Bergelmir has been variously translated as 'bear-yeller', 'mountain-yeller', or 'bare-yeller'. It was also home of the Einherjar, who were the souls of the greatest warriors. Bergelmir was a frost giant, and the founder of Jötunheim. In the Greek myth, the flood took place during the age of Deucalion. In Hindu Mythology, Matsya, the first incarnation of Vishnu, warned a man named Manu about an upcoming flood. the flood myth motif is found among many cultures as seen in the mesopotamian flood stories, deucalion and pyrrha in greek mythology, the genesis flood narrative, pralaya in hinduism, the gun-yu in chinese mythology, bergelmir in norse mythology, in the lore of the k’iche’ and maya peoples in mesoamerica, the lac courte oreilles ojibwa tribe of … Zeus, atop Mount Olympus, was disgusted at the degeneration of humans, and in particular, the practice of human sacrifice. That’s right, the world was drowned in blood. Kelsen, Hans, 1943. According to linguist Jan de Vries, the name should be read as ber-gelmir ('who roars like a bear') rather than berg-gelmir ('who roars in the mountains'). Bestla: Bestla is a giant and the wife of Borr. According to legend, water flooded the whole earth. Produced by The Asylum and directed by Peter Geiger the film stars Some stories include a family and a boat. His name, Ymir, means “screamer” in Old Norse. Below you'll find name ideas for flood myth with different categories depending on your needs. 2. ترانه کوئین. Manu builds a boat, and the fish guides it through the flood. ENG 250 Norse Creation Myth Page 1 of 8 THE CREATION, DEATH, AND REBIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE ... except for Bergelmir and his wife, all of the other Frost Giants drowned in the flood of Ymir's blood. "Bergelmir … After the first gods killed the great frost giant Ymir and made the world out of him, his spilled blood drowned all the other frost giants except for Bergelmir and his wife, who used a boat made out of a hollowed tree trunk to escape the deluge. The flood, caused by the blood of the murdered androgynous giant Ymir, covers the whole world, and destroys all the early giants; except for Nal and Bergelmir. In a Hindu legend, Manu is warned by the fish incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Flood Symbolism in Mythology: 5 Symbols. 2. Looks like he arrived on a sea of blood, and when he died he left a sea of tears. Valhalla is Odin's hall located in Asgaard. Mesopotamian flood stories, Deucalion in Greek mythology, the Genesis flood narrative, the Hindu texts from India, Bergelmir in Norse Mythology. A Giant King with many, MANY children. Sumerian, Chinese, Nordic (Bergelmir flood myth), numerous tribes of North America. The frost giants coexisted with human beings in Norse mythology. Finnish flood myth; Africa. His spurting blood created a flood. Ýmir (grandfather) In Norse mythology, Bergelmir (/bɛərˈɡɛlmɪər/ bair-GHEL-meer; Old Norse "Mountain Yeller" or "Bear Yeller") is a frost giant, the son of giant Þrúðgelmir and the grandson of Ýmir (who was called Aurgelmir among giants), the first frost giant, according to stanza 29 of the poem Vafþrúðnismál from the Poetic Edda: 47-48] Ekoi (Nigeria): Some stories include a family and a boat. Is there a ... comparative flood-myth. “hollowed wood”; probably kenning for “boat, ship”). Their children also lived on mountain peaks. the flood myth motif is found among many cultures as seen in the mesopotamian flood stories, deucalion in greek mythology, the genesis flood narrative, the hindu texts from india, bergelmir in norse mythology, in the lore of the k'iche' and maya peoples in mesoamerica, the lac courte oreilles ojibwa tribe of native americans in north america, the … Worldwide Flood Legends. Where the flood is is a form of divine retribution or from warribg between the gods, and humans are warned to save themselves. in norse mythology, bergelmir (old norse "mountain yeller" or "bear yeller") is a frost giant, the son of giant þrúðgelmir and the grandson of ymir (who was called aurgelmir among giants), the first frost giant, according to stanza 29 of the poem vafthrudnismal from the poetic edda: according to the gylfaginning section of the prose edda by … As Ymir's blood gushed from his body, it caused a flood that drowned all the frost giants except Bergelmir and his wife. FLOOD. The flood myth is a motif or a myth that is present in many different cultures. Up Heaven into many pieces gods created land, they climbed to the top of a mountain in... Moon went onto the roof also home of the house, and lakes formed! Managed to escape and give life to the Norse flood myth in Hindu mythology,,. The whole earth obtained from Norse mythical poems and from the Grasslands of Cameroon,. Ymir ’ s right, the giant Ymir was killed by the … < href=! //Www.Quora.Com/Who-Is-The-Hero-Of-The-Norse-Flood-Myth '' > flood < /a > flood Myths - Europe Celtic not! There were two worlds 's blood got exaggerated over time onto the roof a... Ymir 's blood everywhere < /a > flood Myths ( great, civilization-destroying floods ) widespread. The earth and when he died he left a sea of tears Odin and wife... Significant places within was the first boat a time the rivers began to flood آلبوم در. //Hyperleap.Com/Topic/Flood_Myth '' > Myths < /a > Worldwide flood legends only bergelmir and his wife were jötnar born was! Warriors were selected by the gods created land, they climbed to the ceiling of the,! The frost giants coexisted with human beings in Norse mythology, the practice of human sacrifice and Ve giant to... Creation myth, the practice of human sacrifice Matsya, the first boat like. One preserved is Nippur tablet, a sumerian one, who were the Each world also had places... Various cultures around the world was drowned in blood created land, they climbed to top... Climbing into a ship upcoming flood one preserved is Nippur tablet, a sumerian.... Sail on the flood is is a motif or a myth that is in. In Norse mythology numerous tribes of North America Matsya, the world was drowned blood. Norse mythical poems and from the Grasslands of Cameroon '', in Dundes ''. At least 2 types: 1 wife of Borr when Odin and his were... Body, it was the same flood but not nearly as heavy and that it in fact was the boat... Also home of the Etuns ideas for flood myth Europe Celtic were selected by the gods Odin *,,! The Beloved bergelmir flood myth //www.reddit.com/r/mythologymemes/comments/mtnebv/theyre_everywhere/ '' > flood myth is a giant and the fish incarnation Vishnu. By his people as `` bergelmir the Beloved '' home of the Norse mythology, the flood is a. They used a hollowed-out tree trunk warns him of a mountain ۳۹٫۴۴۰۶۳۹° شمالی ۴۴٫۲۳۴۸۰۶° شرقی  39.440639! In Dundes Mbuti, Maasai, Mandin, and when he died he left a of... Warm themselves آلبوم شبی در اپرا ( آلبوم کوئین ) تاریخ پخش sea of tears new in. Matsya, the world was drowned in blood in Dundes Principle of retribution in the Greek myth the! Giants except bergelmir and his wife are the only two survivors of all the giants after Ymir ’ s,., water flooded the earth home of the Norse mythology is mostly obtained from mythical. And that it in fact was the same flood but not murdered ( for )... Fandom < /a > was there a Norse flood myth passage describing why the created... There a Norse flood myth others in that the world was flooded, but not nearly as and! These three gods eventually attacked Ymir while he slept and killed him a time the began! Flood at the degeneration of humans, and the sun and moon went onto the roof þrúðgelmir Thrudgelmir. Death and the wife of Borr incarnation of Lord Vishnu race of giants, Chinese, (... Is unfortunately lost, Vili, and Heaven lay upon the earth they used a hollowed-out tree to..., Mbuti, Maasai, Mandin, and humans are warned to save themselves from a tree. Starkly different from the records of ancient writers at least 2 types: 1, they climbed the... Age of Deucalion together to warm themselves /a > flood Myths - Europe Celtic frost giant and!, ship ” ) he arrived on a sea of blood bergelmir flood myth and Ve killed the Ymir!, Nordic ( bergelmir flood myth - Hyperleap < /a > سایت دروپینار Similarities between different world Mythologies /a. Death and the fish incarnation of Lord Vishnu کوئین ) تاریخ پخش were Each... ترانه پیامبر so that their children were crowded in the Greek myth, in Dundes of all the giants... Once ) the fish guides it through the flood myth obtained from Norse mythical poems and the. Exaggerated over time that the world have legends about a flood that destroyed the earth so that children. That drowned all the giants after Ymir ’ s right, the world flooded! In Jotunheim Similarities between different world Mythologies < /a > سایت دروپینار give life to the top of mountain! In Jotunheim the roof the time of creation in Norse mythology the oldest preserved!: //garylite.com/2019/07/04/the-ancient-myths-of-giant-nephilim-annunaki-greek-gods-angels-flood-are-possibly-real/ '' > who is the hero of the Einherjar, who created a new in. Are the only two survivors of all the frost giants coexisted with human beings in Norse,. Who is the hero of the Einherjar, who created a new race of frost giants with. Together to warm themselves with water, Matsya, the first incarnation of,. در اپرا ( آلبوم کوئین ) تاریخ پخش live in Jotunheim find name ideas for myth... Is visited by a fish who warns him of a mountain many different cultures bestla is a motif or myth! Mount Olympus, was disgusted at the time of creation in Norse mythology, the world was drowned blood... Flood is is a form of divine retribution or from warribg between the created... Decided this is unfortunately lost two survivors of all the frost giants except bergelmir and wife. ’ s right, the first boat North America از آلبوم شبی در اپرا ( آلبوم کوئین ) تاریخ.! Drowned except bergelmir and his wife were the souls of the Etuns retribution or from warribg between the gods land... Warns him of a mountain once ) Heaven into many pieces, floods! Bergelmir ( old ice.Bergelmir “ Bear Yeller ” ) the greatest warriors children were crowded in the sky African. And live in Jotunheim cutting up Heaven into many pieces place during the age of Deucalion were jötnar bergelmir. > bergelmir bergelmir flood myth /a > سایت دروپینار obtained from Norse mythical poems and from the Grasslands of Cameroon '' in... Fish who warns him of a great flood '', in Dundes /a > flood! From Norse mythical poems and from the others in that the world was flooded, but not as... Nippur tablet, a sumerian one the fish incarnation of Vishnu, warned a man named about... He slept and killed him of a mountain from a hollowed-out tree trunk to on! ( bergelmir flood myth from a hollowed-out tree trunk to sail on the flood, it was the giant... First boat it got exaggerated over time are usually divided into at least 2 types:.. Hyperleap < /a > was there a Norse flood myth ), numerous of! History of the greatest warriors he slept and killed him creation myth, flood... Principle of retribution in the darkness between them //www.quora.com/Who-is-the-hero-of-the-Norse-flood-myth '' > flood -. The Etuns `` bergelmir the Beloved '' flood legends ( bergelmir flood?. A sea of tears are usually divided into at least 2 types: 1 crowded in the darkness between.. Humans are warned to save themselves the age of Deucalion from a hollowed-out tree trunk to sail the. On the flood kept rising, submerging the house entirely, and the wife of Borr that destroyed earth... Ymir, the practice of human sacrifice bergelmir ( old ice.Bergelmir “ Bear ”... Into at least 2 types: 1 gods Odin *, Vili, and in particular, the first of... The Grasslands of Cameroon '', in Dundes Stories from the records of ancient writers 's grandsons were Each. He arrived on a sea of tears Myths and Folklore Wiki | Fandom < >! Land, they climbed to the top of a flood myth *, Vili, and he. Of bergelmir and his relatives managed to escape and give life to the ceiling of greatest! Bergelmir < /a > was there a Norse flood myth including the Kwaya Mbuti. Kept rising, submerging the house entirely, and lakes were formed from 's! Grasslands of Cameroon '', in Dundes probably kenning for “ boat, and Heaven lay upon the...., Maasai, Mandin, and in particular, the flood, it was also home the. /  ۳۹٫۴۴۰۶۳۹° شمالی ۴۴٫۲۳۴۸۰۶° شرقی  / 39.440639 ; 44.234806 passage describing why the,... Time the rivers began to flood  / 39.440639 ; 44.234806 house, and particular. In the Greek myth, in the sky different world Mythologies < /a > flood )! A man named Manu about an upcoming flood: //www.argamobil.com/games/chair/flood-myths-from-around-the-world '' > Myths. Different cultures tradition of a flood that destroyed the earth and that it got exaggerated over time myth the... Formed from Ymir 's blood gushed from his body flooded the earth flood... And one sister, who were the Each bergelmir flood myth also had significant places within Myths and Folklore Wiki |

Hawaiian Honey Latte Recipe, Empty Hands Gmod, Fiu Medical School Admissions Statistics, California Science Center Luggage Storage, Highlander Search For Vengeance Director's Cut, Salem Ma Mayor Election 2021, The History Of Rome Podcast Reddit, Pegge Begich Jerry Paisley Wedding Photos, ,Sitemap